Background: Recent evidence suggests that higher calcium and/or vitamin D intake may be associated with lower\r\nbody weight and better metabolic health. Due to contradictory findings from intervention trials, we investigated\r\nthe effect of calcium plus vitamin D3 (calcium) supplementation on anthropometric and metabolic profiles\r\nduring energy restriction in healthy, overweight and obese adults with very-low calcium consumption.\r\nMethods: Fifty-three subjects were randomly assigned in an open-label, randomized controlled trial to receive\r\neither an energy-restricted diet (-500 kcal/d) supplemented with 600 mg elemental calcium and 125 IU vitamin D3\r\nor energy restriction alone for 12 weeks. Repeated measurements of variance were performed to evaluate the\r\ndifferences between groups for changes in body weight, BMI, body composition, waist circumference, and blood\r\npressures, as well as in plasma TG, TC, HDL, LDL, glucose and insulin concentrations.\r\nResults: Eighty-one percent of participants completed the trial (85% from the calcium D group; 78% from the\r\ncontrol group). A significantly greater decrease in fat mass loss was observed in the calcium D group (-2.8�±1.3\r\nvs.-1.8�±1.3 kg; P=0.02) than in the control group, although there was no significant difference in body weight\r\nchange (P>0.05) between groups. The calcium D group also exhibited greater decrease in visceral fat mass and\r\nvisceral fat area (P<0.05 for both). No significant difference was detected for changes in metabolic variables\r\n(P>0.05).\r\nConclusion: Calcium plus vitamin D3 supplementation for 12 weeks augmented body fat and visceral fat loss in\r\nvery-low calcium consumers during energy restriction.
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